Abstract

Aging is accompanied by a progressive decline in immune function, known as immunosenescence, which renders
elderly individuals more susceptible to infections, reduced vaccine efficacy, and increased incidence of autoimmune
diseases and cancer. This decline in immunity is characterized by alterations in both innate and adaptive immune
responses, including reduced T-cell diversity, impaired function of antigen-presenting cells, and dysregulated
cytokine production. Additionally, inflammaging, a chronic low-grade inflammatory state, further contributes to
age-related immune dysfunction. Strategies aimed at enhancing immunity in aging individuals have garnered
significant attention. Promising interventions include lifestyle modifications encompassing regular exercise,
balanced nutrition, and adequate sleep, which can positively impact immune function. Furthermore, vaccination
strategies tailored for the elderly, such as high-dose vaccines or adjuvanted formulations, aim to bolster vaccine
efficacy. Immunomodulatory therapies, including supplementation with specific micronutrients and pharmacological
interventions targeting immune senescence, hold promise for rejuvenating immune responses in older individuals.
Understanding the mechanisms underlying immunosenescence and inflammaging is critical in developing targeted
approaches to enhance immunity in aging populations. A holistic approach combining lifestyle interventions,
vaccination strategies, and innovative immunomodulatory therapies holds potential for mitigating the impact of agerelated
immune decline and improving overall healthspan in the elderly.
Keywords: Immunosenescence, Aging, Immunity, Inflammaging, Elderly, Immunomodulation, Vaccination
Strategies, Immune Rejuvenation, Geriatrics