Abstract

The escalating demand for sustainable and renewable energy sources has propelled the exploration of ambient solar
energy as a pivotal avenue for cleaner power generation. This review paper delves into the intricacies of solar energy
harvesting technologies, providing a comprehensive analysis of principles, efficiency metrics, material
advancements, and versatile applications. Focusing on the photovoltaic effect as the cornerstone of solar cells, the
critical impact of semiconductor material selection and bandgap engineering on efficiency is thoroughly examined.
Key performance measures such as fill factor, open-circuit voltage, and short-circuit current are emphasized for their
pivotal role in evaluating system efficiency. The adaptability of solar energy solutions is exemplified through diverse
applications, spanning from portable electronics to large-scale solar farms. Looking towards the future, this review
envisions a promising trajectory for solar energy harvesting, driven by continual advancements in technology,
material science, and efficiency measures. The insights gleaned from this comprehensive examination are poised to
catalyze the development of more efficient and accessible solar energy harvesting technologies. This, in turn,
promises to play a significant role in the global transition towards a greener and more sustainable energy landscape,
contributing substantively to sustainability, climate mitigation, and an enhanced quality of life worldwide.