Abstract

The programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) pathway plays a pivotal role in immune regulation and tolerance. In the context of HIV/AIDS, dysregulation of the PD-1 pathway contributes to T-cell exhaustion, immune dysfunction, and disease progression. This review provides a comprehensive examination of PD-1 pathway modulation in HIV/AIDS, spanning from bench to bedside. We delve into the molecular mechanisms underlying PD-1-mediated T-cell exhaustion, the impact of PD-1 signaling on HIV pathogenesis, and the development of PD-1-based immunotherapies. Insights from preclinical studies illuminate the therapeutic potential of PD-1 pathway modulation, while findings from clinical trials offer evidence of efficacy and safety in HIV-infected individuals. Challenges and future directions in harnessing PD-1 pathway modulation for HIV/AIDS treatment are also discussed, highlighting the need for continued research to optimize therapeutic strategies and improve outcomes in affected individuals