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Immunopotentiators in Modern Vaccines
Author: • N. Woods1, • K. Niwasabutra1, • R. Acevedo2, • J. Igoli1, 3, • N.A. Altwaijry1, • J. Tusiimire • A.I. Gray • D.G. Watson, • V.A. Ferro
Publisher: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-804019-5.00011-6
Published: 2017
Section: School of Pharmacy
Abstract
Immunopotentiators derived from different natural sources are
under investigation with varying success. This chapter gives an overview of
developments from plants, fungi, marine organisms, and insects. Plant-derived
immune stimulators consist of a diverse range of small molecules or large
polysaccharides. Notable examples that have been assessed in both preclinical
and clinical trials include saponins, tomatine, and inulin. Similarly, fungi
produce a range of potential candidate molecules, with β-glucans showing the
most promise. Other complex molecules that have established adjuvant activity
include α-galactosylceramide (originally obtained from a marine sponge),
chitosan (commonly produced from chitin from shrimps), and peptides (found in
bee venom). Some organisms, for example, endophytic fungi and bees, produce
immunostimulants using compounds obtained from plants. The main challenges
facing this type of research and tools being developed to overcome them are
examined.