Abstract

 Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi (S. Typhi), the etiological agent of typhoid fever, is predominantly transmitted 
through the fecal-oral route, with contaminated food and water being major vehicles. While waterborne 
transmission has been well-documented, increasing evidence points to foodborne pathways playing a significant role 
in endemic and epidemic outbreaks, especially in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). This review explores 
the mechanisms of foodborne S. Typhi transmission, identifies critical contamination points across the food supply 
chain, and evaluates epidemiological data from outbreaks. Key contamination sources include poor sanitation in food 
production, unhygienic food handling, improper storage, and cross-contamination in households and street food 
settings. Surveillance studies, molecular typing methods, and whole-genome sequencing have enhanced 
understanding of S. Typhi transmission dynamics, aiding in outbreak detection and source attribution. The review 
highlights the need for integrated food safety strategies, improved hygiene practices, and regulatory interventions 
to curb foodborne typhoid transmission and protect public health.