Abstract

Respiratory diseases remain a major global health challenge, accounting for millions of deaths annually, 
particularly in low- and middle-income countries. Conventional therapies, while effective, are often limited by 
adverse effects, high costs, and reduced accessibility. Medicinal plants have long been used as affordable and 
culturally accepted remedies for respiratory conditions such as asthma, bronchitis, cough, chronic obstructive 
pulmonary disease, and pneumonia. Their therapeutic efficacy is attributed to diverse bioactive compounds, 
including alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, terpenes, and essential oils, which act through multiple mechanisms such 
as bronchodilation, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antimicrobial, and immunomodulatory effects. Key plants such 
as Eucalyptus, Thyme, Peppermint, Licorice root, Ginger, and Turmeric have been widely documented in 
ethnomedicine and validated in pharmacological and clinical studies. Preparation and dosage forms vary from 
decoctions, infusions, and extracts to commercial formulations, reflecting both traditional knowledge and modern 
standardization efforts. Despite their promise, safety concerns, dosage inconsistencies, and limited regulatory 
oversight remain key challenges. This review highlights the pharmacological potential, clinical evidence, and 
cultural significance of medicinal plants in respiratory health while emphasizing the need for rigorous scientific 
validation and integration into modern healthcare systems.