Abstract

Bioactive peptides (BPs) are short amino acid sequences with significant health-promoting properties. Increasing 
evidence highlights plant-derived peptides as sustainable and safe alternatives to synthetic drugs and animal-based 
peptides, given their wide distribution in legumes, cereals, pseudocereals, fruits, vegetables, herbs, and spices. 
These peptides exhibit diverse bioactivities, including antioxidant, antihypertensive, antimicrobial, anti
inflammatory, hypocholesterolemic, and immunomodulatory effects. Their functionality is largely determined by 
amino acid composition, sequence, and structure, with hydrophobic and aromatic residues playing central roles. 
Extraction and characterization techniques such as enzymatic hydrolysis, fermentation, and advanced analytical 
tools have facilitated their identification and application. However, commercialization is challenged by issues of 
stability, bioavailability, high production costs, and limited clinical validation. Regulatory frameworks, particularly 
those established by the EFSA and FDA, demand rigorous safety and efficacy data, further slowing product 
development. Despite these limitations, plant-derived bioactive peptides represent a promising frontier in 
functional foods, nutraceuticals, and therapeutic innovations. This review synthesizes current knowledge on their 
sources, extraction methods, health benefits, challenges, and regulatory considerations, while highlighting the 
future potential of these biomolecules in promoting human health.