Abstract

Essential oils (EOs) are complex mixtures of volatile compounds extracted from plants that have been historically 
employed for therapeutic and preventive purposes. Their antimicrobial, antiviral, antifungal, antioxidant, and 
immunomodulatory properties have generated increasing interest in infection control, particularly in the context 
of rising antimicrobial resistance. This review explores the composition, mechanisms of action, and clinical 
relevance of EOs, highlighting their role as complementary and adjunctive agents in bacterial, viral, and fungal 
infections. Tea tree, lavender, peppermint, eucalyptus, and oregano oils are among the most studied, 
demonstrating broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity and synergistic effects with conventional drugs. Application 
methods include topical use, aromatherapy, and inhalation, with ongoing studies evaluating delivery systems for 
improved efficacy. Despite promising laboratory and preclinical evidence, challenges persist in standardization, 
safety, toxicity, and regulatory approval. Addressing these gaps through rigorous clinical studies and quality 
control measures could enhance the integration of essential oils into modern infection control strategies.