Abstract

Stress, a physiological and psychological response to internal and external challenges, can negatively impact 
health when chronic or excessive. Plant-based adaptogens are a class of herbal compounds that enhance the body’s 
resilience to stress by modulating neuroendocrine, immune, and metabolic responses. This narrative review 
explores the mechanisms, efficacy, and safety of prominent adaptogens, including Ashwagandha (Withania 
somnifera), Rhodiola rosea, Holy Basil (Ocimum tenuiflorum), Panax ginseng, Schisandra chinensis, and Licorice 
root (Glycyrrhiza glabra). Evidence from preclinical, clinical, and ethnopharmacological studies suggests that 
these plants improve stress tolerance, reduce fatigue, enhance cognitive function, and normalize stress hormone 
levels. Adaptogens exert multi-target effects on the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, cortisol regulation, and 
oxidative stress pathways. They are generally well-tolerated, though potential drug interactions and 
contraindications should be considered. Integrating adaptogens with lifestyle interventions may provide a holistic 
approach to stress management. Future research should focus on standardization, novel combinations, and 
rigorous clinical trials to optimize therapeutic applications.