Abstract

 Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) remain the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, with 
atherosclerosis, endothelial dysfunction, oxidative stress, and chronic inflammation as central mechanisms in their 
pathogenesis. Increasing evidence highlights the role of phytochemicals, non-nutritive bioactive compounds from 
plants, in the prevention and management of CVDs. This narrative review synthesizes current findings on the 
cardioprotective effects of major phytochemical classes, including flavonoids, polyphenols, terpenoids, and 
alkaloids. These compounds exert multiple biological actions, such as antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, 
regulation of lipid metabolism, improvement of endothelial function, and protection against ischemia-reperfusion 
injury. Clinical studies demonstrate that phytochemical-rich diets, such as the Mediterranean and Nordic diets, are 
associated with reduced cardiovascular risk, improved lipid profiles, lower systemic inflammation, and enhanced 
vascular function. Despite promising evidence, variations in dosage, bioavailability, and long-term outcomes 
underscore the need for well-designed randomized controlled trials to confirm these benefits. Overall, 
phytochemicals represent a promising, natural, and accessible strategy to mitigate cardiovascular risk and promote 
long-term heart health.