Abstract

Oxidative stress, characterized by an imbalance between the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the 
antioxidant defense system, plays a pivotal role in the initiation and perpetuation of chronic inflammation. ROS 
activate redox-sensitive transcription factors, modulate intracellular signaling cascades, and promote the release of 
pro-inflammatory mediators, leading to sustained immune activation and tissue damage. This review elucidates the 
molecular mechanisms linking oxidative stress to chronic inflammation, including mitochondrial dysfunction, 
NADPH oxidase activation, and impaired antioxidant defenses. We highlight the interplay between oxidative stress 
and immune cell function, the amplification of inflammatory signaling through NF-κB and NLRP3 inflammasome 
activation, and the resultant pathophysiological changes in chronic diseases such as atherosclerosis, rheumatoid 
arthritis, neurodegenerative disorders, and metabolic syndrome. Furthermore, we explore emerging therapeutic 
strategies targeting oxidative stress, including antioxidant therapies, Nrf2 activators, redox enzyme inhibitors, and 
lifestyle interventions. Understanding these mechanisms offers novel insights into the prevention and management 
of chronic inflammatory conditions.