Abstract

Aging is accompanied by a progressive decline in physiological functions and an increased susceptibility to chronic 
diseases. Central to the aging process are oxidative stress, inflammaging, and immunosenescence, which collectively 
contribute to the pathogenesis of many age-related disorders. Oxidative stress arises from an imbalance between 
reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and antioxidant defenses, leading to cellular damage and dysfunction. 
Inflammaging, a chronic low-grade systemic inflammation, exacerbates tissue damage and promotes disease 
development. Immunosenescence, the gradual deterioration of the immune system, impairs immune surveillance and 
responsiveness, further increasing vulnerability to infections, cancer, and autoimmune conditions. This review 
provides a comprehensive overview of the mechanistic interplay between oxidative stress, inflammaging, and 
immunosenescence, highlighting their roles in age-related diseases such as cardiovascular disease, 
neurodegeneration, and metabolic syndrome. We also discuss potential therapeutic strategies aimed at mitigating 
these processes to promote healthy aging and improve disease outcomes.