Abstract

Redox regulation plays a critical role in the modulation of immune responses, affecting both innate and adaptive
immune functions. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS), generated as byproducts of
cellular metabolism and immune responses, are key signaling molecules in immune cell activation, differentiation,
and effector function. These molecules are tightly regulated to maintain immune homeostasis, but their
dysregulation can contribute to the pathogenesis of a wide array of diseases, including autoimmune disorders, cancer,
and infections. This review explores the mechanisms of redox regulation in immune cells, highlighting the role of
ROS/RNS in the activation of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), antigen presentation, T cell differentiation, and
the modulation of inflammation. We also examine the dual role of redox molecules in both promoting immune
defense and contributing to tissue damage, with a focus on how this balance impacts health and disease. Additionally,
we discuss current therapeutic strategies targeting redox pathways for the treatment of immune-related diseases
and the potential for future interventions.