Abstract

Inflammation is a complex and essential biological response to infection, injury, or harmful stimuli, aimed at 
restoring tissue homeostasis. However, when this process becomes prolonged or dysregulated, it contributes 
significantly to the development and progression of numerous chronic diseases, including cardiovascular disorders, 
diabetes, cancer, and neurodegenerative conditions. One of the major underlying mechanisms linking inflammation 
to disease is oxidative stress, which arises from an imbalance between the excessive production of reactive oxygen 
species (ROS) and the body’s antioxidant defense capacity. Elevated ROS not only damage cellular components such 
as lipids, proteins, and DNA but also activate key inflammatory signaling pathways that perpetuate tissue injury. 
Antioxidants, derived from both natural and synthetic sources, have been recognized as crucial modulators of these 
processes. Natural antioxidants such as vitamins C and E, polyphenols, carotenoids, and flavonoids play vital roles 
in neutralizing ROS, maintaining redox balance, and downregulating inflammatory cascades. Synthetic 
antioxidants, on the other hand, are being developed to selectively target specific oxidative and inflammatory 
mediators. This review highlights the mechanisms by which antioxidants regulate immune responses and 
inflammation, examines emerging therapeutic applications, and discusses ongoing challenges and future 
perspectives. Understanding these mechanisms offers promising strategies for the prevention and management of 
chronic inflammatory diseases.