Abstract

Language policy, while often framed as a technical or administrative matter, has profound legal, social, 
and political implications. This paper examines the conceptual evolution, theoretical frameworks, and 
diverse applications of language policy across multilingual and post-colonial contexts, particularly 
focusing on Africa and South Asia. It critically examines how language policies reflect and reinforce 
structures of power, often leading to social exclusion, educational inequality, and linguistic imperialism. 
Legal frameworks governing language use are assessed, showing how they both support and constrain 
language rights. The paper also explores grassroots challenges in implementing language policies in 
education and public administration, revealing gaps between policy rhetoric and lived realities. Through 
case studies and policy critiques, the research highlights how inclusive language planning, supported by 
equitable legal mechanisms, can advance social justice, preserve linguistic diversity, and improve 
governance. Ultimately, language policy must be seen not just as a linguistic issue but as a tool for 
democratic participation and legal empowerment.