Abstract

Autonomous Vehicles (AVs) represent a transformative leap in mobility, with implications extending 
across technological, legal, ethical, economic, and societal domains. This paper examines the historical 
trajectory, current developments, and future prospects of AVs, focusing on the complex interplay between 
innovation and real-world constraints. While SAE Level 3 and 4 vehicles are actively being tested, 
widespread adoption is hindered by unresolved issues such as regulatory ambiguity, liability dilemmas, 
safety concerns, inconsistent public acceptance, and infrastructure readiness. Using scenario methodology 
and systems analysis, the study projects a near-future (2025–2030) landscape of AV integration, 
underscoring the importance of addressing public trust, ethical decision-making in AV algorithms, 
environmental impacts, and socio-economic disruptions. By examining these interconnected facets, the 
paper argues that the successful transition to autonomous transportation hinges on collaborative efforts 
between industry, policymakers, researchers, and the public. It advocates for transparent regulation, 
inclusive urban planning, equitable access, and continuous reassessment of societal values in AV design 
and deployment.