Abstract

Vector-borne diseases remain a major global public health challenge, disproportionately affecting low- and middle
income countries. Traditional control measures such as insecticide-treated bed nets, indoor residual spraying, and 
environmental management have reduced disease burden but face limitations due to insecticide resistance, 
inadequate infrastructure, and changing ecological conditions. This review synthesizes evidence on conventional 
and emerging strategies for vector control, including genetic approaches, biological interventions, and 
community-led initiatives. Case studies from Africa, Asia, and Latin America demonstrate that integrated vector 
management (IVM) tailored to local contexts offers the most sustainable path forward. Novel technologies such as 
CRISPR-based gene drives, Wolbachia-based biocontrol, and smart surveillance tools present promising 
innovations, though their ethical and ecological implications require careful consideration. The review emphasizes 
the need for multi-sectoral collaboration, community engagement, and policy support to ensure long-term 
effectiveness. Addressing these challenges holistically will be crucial to curbing the global burden of vector-borne 
diseases and preventing future outbreaks.