Abstract

Malaria remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in endemic regions, driven largely by Plasmodium 
falciparum transmission via Anopheles mosquitoes. Current vector control tools face diminishing effectiveness due to 
insecticide resistance and operational limitations. CRISPR-based gene editing offers a targeted approach to modify 
Anopheles populations for sustained reduction of malaria transmission. This review synthesized preclinical and early 
field evidence on CRISPR-engineered Anopheles mosquitoes designed for malaria transmission interruption, 
evaluating biological efficacy, ecological safety, and readiness for deployment. A thematic synthesis of literature 
published between 2010 and 2025 was conducted, using PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus, focusing on 
laboratory, semi-field, and early confined field trials. Preclinical studies show that CRISPR gene drives can achieve 
inheritance bias exceeding 95% for traits such as female sterility (doublesex disruption) or parasite refractoriness (e.g., 
FREP1 knockouts). Cage experiments demonstrate rapid allele fixation and significant reductions in mosquito 
fertility or parasite load. Semi-field studies confirmed stable trait inheritance and containment feasibility, though 
open-field trials are yet to occur. Key challenges included resistance allele formation, ecological risk management, 
and community acceptance. CRISPR-engineered Anopheles mosquitoes show strong potential as a sustainable vector 
control strategy. Future research should prioritize resistance-proof designs, rigorous ecological risk assessment, 
transparent community engagement, and phased regulatory pathways toward carefully monitored field releases. 
Keywords: CRISPR, Gene drive, Anopheles gambiae, Malaria elimination, Vector genetic control