Abstract

Urbanization has dramatically altered the hydrological landscape, with poorly designed or neglected drainage 
systems becoming hotspots for Anopheles mosquito breeding. This review evaluates the role of water management 
infrastructure—storm drains, ditches, culverts, and sewer systems—in influencing vector ecology and malaria 
transmission. Evidence shows that clogged drains and stagnant wastewater pools serve as ideal larval habitats, 
particularly for Anopheles gambiae and Anopheles arabiensis. Conversely, well-maintained drainage systems can 
significantly reduce vector proliferation. The review also considers the interplay between rapid urban expansion, 
inadequate waste management, and climate variability in amplifying these risks. Case studies from African cities 
highlight both challenges and innovative community-based solutions for integrating vector control into urban 
planning. Recommendations are made for environmentally sensitive drainage design, regular maintenance regimes, 
and intersectoral collaboration between urban planners, engineers, and public health practitioners. 
Keywords: Urban drainage, water management, Anopheles breeding, malaria ecology.