Abstract

Obesity-associated diabetes (largely type 2 diabetes mellitus, T2DM) is a global public-health challenge driven 
by rising prevalence of obesity and metabolic dysfunction. Early diagnosis and continuous metabolic monitoring 
are essential to prevent complications, personalise therapy and enable timely lifestyle or pharmacologic 
interventions. Nano-enabled biosensors devices that integrate nanomaterials (gold, graphene, carbon nanotubes, 
metal oxides, conductive polymers, etc.) with biochemical recognition elements—offer major advances in 
sensitivity, selectivity, response time, miniaturization, and compatibility with wearable platforms. This review 
synthesizes recent advances in nanomaterial-enhanced sensing modalities for glucose and complementary 
obesity-related biomarkers (adipokines, insulin, inflammatory cytokines, HbA1c), highlights non-/minimally
invasive sample matrices (interstitial fluid, sweat, saliva, tears), and examines integrated wearable architectures 
(microneedles, patches, e-textiles, organic electrochemical transistor-based sensors). We discuss data handling, 
multiplexing, power strategies, clinical validation requirements and regulatory hurdles, and propose future 
directions—multiplexed panels for metabolic phenotyping, closed-loop systems coupling sensing to 
therapeutics, self-powered sensors, and AI-driven analytics. Nano-enabled biosensors hold realistic potential to 
transform screening, early diagnosis, and long-term monitoring of obesity-related diabetes, but clinical 
translation will require coordinated progress in standardization, calibration, biocompatibility, and regulatory 
pathways.) 
Keywords: nano-biosensor, continuous glucose monitoring, wearable sensors, adipokines, microneedle patch