Abstract

The gut microbiome plays a pivotal role in obesity pathogenesis by influencing nutrient absorption, energy 
metabolism, inflammation, and host signaling pathways. Dysbiosis imbalances in microbial composition has been 
linked to weight gain, insulin resistance, and obesity-associated comorbidities. Modulating the microbiome 
using probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics, postbiotics, and microbial metabolites offers promising therapeutic 
strategies. However, conventional delivery approaches are limited by poor viability, degradation in the 
gastrointestinal tract, and inconsistent colonization. Nanotechnology provides innovative solutions by 
protecting microbial agents, enhancing bioavailability of metabolites, and enabling targeted delivery to specific 
intestinal regions. This review explores the principles of nanotechnology in microbiome modulation, recent 
advances in obesity management, translational challenges, clinical perspectives, and future opportunities. By 
integrating nanotechnology with microbiome-based interventions, obesity management can advance toward 
precision and sustainable therapies. 
Keywords: Nanotechnology, Gut microbiome, Obesity, Probiotics, Targeted delivery