Abstract

Herbal immunomodulators are naturally occurring compounds capable of enhancing or suppressing immune 
responses through diverse mechanisms. Traditional medical systems have long employed plants such as Echinacea, 
Astragalus, Ginseng, Elderberry, and Turmeric to support immunity, with modern research confirming their potential 
to influence innate and adaptive pathways via receptors, signaling cascades, and cytokine regulation. Clinical and 
preclinical evidence suggests that these herbs may alleviate respiratory infections, modulate inflammation, and 
improve immune resilience, though variability in formulation, dosage, and study design limits definitive 
conclusions. Safety concerns, including adverse effects, herb–drug interactions, and inconsistent regulatory 
oversight, further complicate their integration into standard medical practice. Nevertheless, growing patient 
demand, cultural acceptance, and supportive mechanistic studies underscore the therapeutic promise of herbal 
immunomodulators. This review highlights key agents, mechanisms of action, clinical evidence, safety 
considerations, and future directions for integrating herbal immunomodulators into modern healthcare.