Abstract

Obesity is a complex, multifactorial disease driven by genetic, metabolic, and behavioral factors. Conventional 
treatments, including pharmacotherapy and surgery, have limited long-term efficacy and often pose risks. 
Nanotechnology offers novel strategies for targeted, controlled delivery of anti-obesity agents. Among these, 
smart nanocarriers and stimuli-responsive systems represent the next generation of therapeutic platforms. 
These nanocarriers are engineered to release their payloads in response to physiological triggers such as pH, 
temperature, enzymes, redox gradients, or external stimuli like light and magnetic fields. By improving drug 
bioavailability, reducing off-target effects, and enabling spatiotemporal control of release, smart nanocarriers 
significantly enhance therapeutic precision. This review discusses the principles of smart nanocarriers, recent 
advances in obesity management, translational challenges, clinical perspectives, and future opportunities. 
Stimuli-responsive systems may transform obesity therapy from conventional, systemic approaches to 
intelligent, patient-tailored interventions.