Abstract

Obesity is strongly linked to metabolic disorders such as type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, non-alcoholic 
fatty liver disease, and certain cancers. The complex and progressive nature of these comorbidities requires 
approaches that integrate both diagnosis and treatment. Theranostic nanoplatforms engineered nanosystems 
capable of combining therapeutic delivery with diagnostic imaging or biomarker sensing offer a promising 
strategy to address this dual challenge. By enabling real-time monitoring of disease progression and 
simultaneous targeted therapy, these platforms enhance precision, reduce off-target toxicity, and improve 
treatment outcomes. Liposomes, polymeric nanoparticles, gold nanoshells, magnetic nanoparticles, and hybrid 
nanomaterials have been explored for theranostic applications in obesity-associated diseases. This review 
discusses the principles of theranostic nanoplatforms, their advances in managing obesity-related comorbidities, 
translational challenges, clinical perspectives, and future opportunities. These systems represent an important 
step toward precision nanomedicine in obesity care.