Abstract

Biosecurity threats, which include natural outbreaks, laboratory accidents, and 
intentional bioterrorism, are a major issue for global health security. The impact of 
poor preparedness on the health, social, and economic effects of the 1918 influenza 
pandemic, the 2001 anthrax attacks, and the COVID-19 crisis is devastating. Standard 
methods, such as quarantine and serology, as well as traditional inoculations, 
offered basic defences but were often reactive, slow, and unfair. The recent 
scientific and technological progress has altered the concept of biosecurity 
preparedness by providing new instruments of early detection, quick reaction, 
and fair health solutions. Artificial intelligence-based epidemic prediction, next
generation sequencing, CRISPR-based diagnostics, and digital epidemiology are 
emerging technologies that enable near-real-time surveillance. New therapeutic 
agents and vaccines, such as mRNA and DNA platforms, monoclonal antibodies, 
and nanobody therapies, have enhanced response capabilities. Containment 
measures based on robotics, biosensors, nanotechnology-based PPE, and portable 
biocontainment units have simultaneously improved frontline safety. Sensitive 
health information and enhanced coordination are today secured with the help 
of digital and cyber-biosecurity tools. Nonetheless, the innovations have ethical, 
legal, and equity issues, which point to the need to govern responsibly and make 
them accessible to all. This review brings forth the incorporation of emerging 
technologies with international cooperation, fair systems, and responsive policies 
as the keys to developing resilient and future-orientated systems that could help 
alleviate natural, accidental, and intentional biosecurity threats.