Abstract

Abstract
Background/Objective: Diabetes mellitus (DM) remains a major global health challenge due to its chronic nature
and associated complications. Traditional diagnostic approaches, though effective, often lack the sensitivity required
for early-stage detection. Recent advancements in molecular biology have identified RNA molecules, particularly non
coding RNAs such as microRNAs (miRNAs), long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), and circular RNAs (circRNAs), as
promising biomarkers for diabetes. This review aims to explore the role of RNA-based biomarkers in the diagnosis,
prognosis, and management of diabetes, highlighting their potential to revolutionize diabetes care.
Method: A comprehensive literature review was conducted using electronic databases including PubMed, Scopus, and
Web of Science. Articles published up to 2024 were screened and analyzed to extract relevant findings related to RNA
based diagnostics in diabetes. Emphasis was placed on studies demonstrating clinical utility, mechanistic insights, and
translational potential of RNA molecules.
Results: Numerous RNA species, particularly miRNAs such as miR-375, miR-29, and lncRNAs like H19 and MEG3, exhibit
altered expression patterns in diabetic patients. These molecules are involved in key regulatory pathways of glucose metabolism,
insulin resistance, and β-cell function. Circulating RNAs are detectable in various biofluids, enabling non-invasive diagnostic
approaches. Emerging technologies, including RNA sequencing and liquid biopsy platforms, have enhanced the sensitivity and
specificity of RNA detection, fostering the development of novel diagnostic tools and personalized therapeutic strategies.
Conclusion: RNA-based biomarkers hold significant promise in advancing early detection, risk stratification, and
therapeutic monitoring in diabetes care. Despite current challenges such as standardization and clinical validation, the
integration of RNA diagnostics into routine clinical practice could transform diabetes management, paving the way for
precision medicine approaches. Further research and multi-center trials are essential to validate these biomarkers and
facilitate their regulatory approval and clinical implementation.