Abstract

Background Iron Deficiency Anaemia (IDA) is a major public health challenge in East Africa, particularly affecting children and women. Conventional therapies are often limited by accessibility and cost, prompting interest in plant-based interventions as affordable and locally available alternatives. This review explores the potential of medicinal plants in managing IDA, focusing on their phytochemical composition, mechanisms of action, and haematological effects. Methods A systematic search of PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases was conducted on July 17, 2024. The search strategy utilised Boolean operators and keywords related to plants, IDA management, and East Africa. Studies meeting inclusion criteria were peer-reviewed articles published in English that evaluated plant-based treatments for IDA in preclinical or clinical trials. A total of 30 eligible studies were included after screening and quality assessment following PRISMA guidelines. Results The review identified plants such as Moringa oleifera, Phyllanthus emblica, and Telfairia occidentalis as effective in improving haemoglobin levels, red blood cell counts, and other haematological indices. Mechanisms include enhanced iron absorption, antioxidant activity, and stimulation of haematopoiesis. Extraction techniques commonly used were high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and aqueous methods. Key phytochemicals like flavonoids, saponins, and phenolic compounds played critical roles in IDA management. Despite promising outcomes, variations in treatment duration and protocols were noted, highlighting the need for standardisation. Conclusion Plant-based therapies offer accessible, cost-effective solutions for managing IDA in East Africa, leveraging local resources and phytochemical properties. However, further pharmacological and toxicological studies are essential to confirm safety and efficacy. This review emphasises the potential of medicinal plants in addressing IDA and calls for the exploration of underutilised plant species and the development of standardised therapeutic protocols.