Abstract

Climate variability, including extreme weather events such as floods and droughts, has significant implications for 
water contamination and the occurrence of waterborne diseases like typhoid fever. This review explores the 
mechanisms by which floods and droughts contribute to the contamination of water sources and the subsequent 
increase in typhoid outbreaks. In flood-prone regions, overflowing sewage systems and compromised water 
treatment facilities lead to the spread of pathogens, including Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi, the causative agent 
of typhoid fever. Conversely, droughts exacerbate water scarcity, leading communities to rely on contaminated 
water sources, further elevating the risk of outbreaks. The review highlights the critical need for improved water 
and sanitation infrastructure, climate-resilient water management practices, and effective early warning systems to 
mitigate the public health impacts of these extreme events. By addressing these vulnerabilities, vulnerable 
populations can be better protected from the health threats posed by climate variability.