Abstract

Oxidative stress is a central pathological mechanism underlying diverse complications in metabolic and systemic 
disorders, including anaemia and neurotoxicity. Reactive oxygen and nitrogen species generated in excess can impair 
erythropoiesis, shorten red blood cell lifespan, and compromise neural integrity, creating a bidirectional interplay 
between hematologic and nervous system health. Anaemia and oxidative stress are frequently coexistent in chronic 
diseases, with iron dysregulation, mitochondrial dysfunction, and inflammation contributing to erythroid 
impairment. Simultaneously, neural tissue is highly susceptible to oxidative injury due to high metabolic demand, 
limited endogenous antioxidant defenses, and excitotoxic vulnerability. Emerging evidence highlights shared 
molecular pathways, including mitochondrial dysfunction, redox-sensitive transcription factors, inflammatory 
cytokines, and nitric oxide signaling, that link impaired erythropoiesis with neurodegeneration. Therapeutic 
strategies targeting oxidative stress, including endogenous and exogenous antioxidants, mitochondrial protectants, 
and iron-modulating interventions, show potential to restore erythroid and neuronal homeostasis. This review 
provides an integrative analysis of the mechanistic crosstalk between oxidative stress, anaemia, and neurotoxicity, 
highlighting potential avenues for translational therapeutics.