Abstract

Zoonotic diseases constitute a major global health challenge, accounting for the majority of emerging and re
emerging infectious threats and disproportionately affecting low and middle-income countries. The One Health 
approach offers an integrative framework to address the complex linkages between human, animal, and 
environmental health that drive zoonotic transmission. This narrative review examines the conceptual 
foundations, epidemiological rationale, governance frameworks, surveillance systems, and intersectoral 
collaborations underpinning One Health approaches in zoonotic disease control. Drawing on diverse case studies, 
including avian influenza, Ebola, and Nipah virus, the review highlights the centrality of coordinated human and 
animal environmental interventions for effective disease prevention, preparedness, and response. Ethical 
considerations, equity concerns, and community engagement emerge as critical determinants shaping One Health 
implementation, especially in resource-constrained settings. Despite increasing global advocacy, significant 
governance gaps, fragmented data systems, insufficient investment, and limited modelling capacity hinder 
operationalization. Strengthening multisectoral governance, expanding surveillance integration, advancing 
interdisciplinary research, and prioritizing community-led strategies are essential to realizing the transformative 
potential of One Health in mitigating current and future zoonotic threats.