Abstract

Malaria, primarily transmitted by Anopheles mosquitoes, continued to exact a heavy toll worldwide. Traditional 
vector control methods face challenges such as insecticide resistance, necessitating novel, sustainable interventions. 
CRISPR-based gene drive technology offers a revolutionary approach by promoting the spread of genetic 
modifications through mosquito populations to suppress or modify them, aiming to disrupt malaria transmission. 
This review critically examined the development, molecular mechanisms, experimental validation, clinical 
implications, and translational prospects of CRISPR-based gene drives for Anopheles mosquito population 
suppression as a malaria control strategy. A comprehensive literature review was conducted, analyzing recent peer
reviewed articles, experimental data, and modeling studies on CRISPR gene drives targeting Anopheles vectors. 
CRISPR-Cas9 gene drives efficiently bias inheritance to propagate fertility-reducing traits, achieving high 
transmission rates in laboratory mosquitoes with potential population suppression. Modeling predicts substantial 
malaria transmission reduction following successful field implementation. However, challenges included resistance 
allele formation, ecological risks, ethical concerns, and governance complexities. Advances in molecular design, 
containment strategies, and stakeholder engagement are essential to address these issues. CRISPR gene drive 
technology represented a transformative, yet complex, tool for malaria vector control with the promise of significant 
transmission interruption. Responsible development integrating rigorous scientific, ecological, and ethical 
considerations is crucial to harness its full potential in high-transmission settings.