Abstract

The gut microbiota plays a crucial role in maintaining metabolic homeostasis and influencing the development 
of obesity and type 2 diabetes (T2D). Dysbiosis, an imbalance in gut microbial composition, has been linked to 
insulin resistance, inflammation, and disrupted glucose metabolism. Recent advances in nanotechnology offer 
promising solutions to modulate the gut microbiota and its associated metabolic functions. Nanoparticles (NPs) 
can deliver therapeutic agents, regulate microbial composition, and enhance gut barrier function, all of which 
contribute to managing obesity and diabetes. This review explores the interface between gut microbiota and 
nanotechnology, highlighting the mechanisms through which nanoparticles influence microbial diversity, the 
therapeutic potential of nanomaterials in metabolic disease management, and the challenges and future 
directions for clinical application.