Abstract

Therapeutic antioxidants have emerged as promising modulators of immune function by mitigating oxidative 
stress and influencing inflammatory pathways. Reactive oxygen species (ROS), when produced in excess, can 
damage cellular components including DNA, lipids, and proteins, triggering inflammation and impairing immune 
cell function. By scavenging ROS and restoring redox balance, antioxidants help preserve cellular integrity, 
support immune cell viability, and regulate signaling pathways that shape both innate and adaptive immune 
responses. Clinical studies indicate that supplementation with antioxidants such as vitamins C and E, carotenoids, 
and polyphenolic compounds can enhance immune parameters - including lymphocyte proliferation, delayed- type 
hypersensitivity (DTH) responses, and innate immune cell activity. Moreover, in contexts of heightened 
inflammation or infection, antioxidant therapy may reduce pro-inflammatory cytokine production, attenuate tissue 
damage, and improve clinical outcomes. However, because ROS also serve essential signaling roles for microbial 
killing and immune activation, indiscriminate or high-dose antioxidant use may blunt beneficial immune responses 
or impair immunosurveillance. This review explores mechanistic interactions between antioxidants and immune 
pathways and examines clinical implications for their use in disease prevention, infection control, and management 
of inflammatory disorders. Recognizing the dual - and sometimes opposing - roles of ROS, a nuanced application 
of antioxidants may offer therapeutic benefit, particularly in conditions characterized by oxidative stress and 
chronic inflammation.