Abstract

Single-cell transcriptomics is emerging as a powerful tool for public health surveillance, enabling high-resolution 
detection of pathogen activity, host responses, and environmental biological signals at unprecedented spatial and 
temporal scales. While this technology holds promise for improving early outbreak detection, monitoring zoonotic 
transmission, and strengthening population health preparedness within a One Health framework, it also raises 
significant ethical, legal, and social implications (ELSI). This paper examines key issues surrounding the use of 
single-cell transcriptomic data in public health surveillance, focusing on informed consent, governance structures, 
privacy protection, trust-building, implementation challenges, and equity considerations. The analysis highlights 
tensions between public health imperatives and individual autonomy, particularly in contexts where biological 
samples or environmental materials may indirectly reveal identifiable human information. Risks of re
identification, misuse of sensitive genomic data, unequal access to technological benefits, and inadequate 
regulatory harmonization across jurisdictions are discussed. The paper further emphasizes the importance of 
transparent governance, multistakeholder engagement, accountable oversight mechanisms, and culturally 
sensitive risk communication in fostering public trust and social license. Special attention is given to disparities 
affecting low- and middle-income settings, where limited infrastructure, regulatory capacity, and historical 
inequities may hinder fair participation and benefit sharing. The study concludes that while single-cell 
transcriptomics could significantly enhance public health surveillance and global biosecurity, its responsible 
deployment requires robust ethical safeguards, adaptive legal frameworks, inclusive governance models, and 
sustained investment in equity-oriented implementation strategies.