Abstract

Oxidative stress and inflammation are interconnected biological processes that underlie the pathogenesis of many 
chronic and infectious diseases. In malaria, diabetes, and arthritis, the imbalance between reactive oxygen species 
(ROS) generation and antioxidant defense mechanisms triggers a cascade of inflammatory signaling, tissue injury, 
and metabolic dysfunction. This review explores the mechanistic interplay between oxidative stress and 
inflammatory pathways across these disease conditions, emphasizing shared molecular mediators such as NF-κB, 
Nrf2, TNF-α, IL-6, and nitric oxide synthase. The roles of mitochondria, endothelial dysfunction, and lipid 
peroxidation in disease progression are also examined. Furthermore, we discuss how understanding these cross
linked mechanisms could guide the development of novel therapeutic strategies, including antioxidant-based 
therapies, phytochemical interventions, and pathway-specific inhibitors. This integrative overview highlights the 
potential for targeting redox-inflammatory crosstalk to improve clinical outcomes in malaria, diabetes, and arthritis.