Abstract

Pharmacogenomics and polygenic risk scores (PRS) offer transformative potential for precision medicine by 
tailoring prevention, diagnostics, and treatment strategies to individual genetic profiles. National Health 
Insurance (NHI) systems provide an optimal framework for large-scale implementation, promoting equitable 
access, population-wide health impact, and cost-effectiveness. This review synthesizes evidence from pilot 
programs, clinical workflows, and biobank-based genomic analyses to examine pharmacogenomics and PRS 
integration into healthcare systems. We highlight strategies for patient selection, consent, workforce training, and 
electronic health record integration, alongside economic evaluations, equity considerations, and ethical challenges. 
Findings indicate improved therapeutic efficacy, reduced adverse drug events, and enhanced population health 
outcomes when genomic data inform clinical decision-making. Implementing these approaches at scale requires 
coordinated policy frameworks, infrastructure investment, and continuous evaluation to ensure equitable benefit 
across diverse populations. The analysis provides actionable recommendations for policymakers, healthcare 
providers, and researchers to guide sustainable adoption of genomics-informed care within national health 
insurance systems.