Abstract

Obesity is a key risk factor for several metabolic disorders, including type 2 diabetes (T2D), cardiovascular 
diseases, and fatty liver disease. Early diagnosis and continuous monitoring of these conditions are crucial for 
timely intervention and prevention of further complications. Nano-biosensors, leveraging the unique properties 
of nanomaterials, offer a promising solution for early detection and real-time monitoring of obesity-linked 
metabolic disorders. These sensors can detect specific biomarkers related to insulin resistance, inflammation, 
lipid metabolism, and glucose homeostasis with high sensitivity and selectivity. This review explores the 
principles, types, and applications of nano-biosensors for diagnosing and monitoring obesity-related metabolic 
disorders. It also discusses the challenges and future directions for integrating nano-biosensors into clinical 
practice for improved patient management and personalized therapy.