Abstract

The gut microbiome plays a critical role in regulating host metabolism, and emerging evidence suggests that 
dysbiosis, or an imbalance in microbial composition, is a key factor in the pathogenesis of obesity and type 2 
diabetes (T2D). Modulating the gut microbiome through dietary interventions, prebiotics, probiotics, and 
microbial metabolites has shown promise as a strategy for managing obesity and T2D. However, the therapeutic 
potential of microbiome modulation is often limited by the poor bioavailability and stability of bioactive 
compounds, as well as the challenges in precisely targeting the gut. Nanotechnology offers a solution by 
enabling the targeted delivery of microbiome modulators with improved stability, controlled release, and 
enhanced bioavailability. Nanoparticles can protect sensitive bioactive compounds from enzymatic degradation 
and facilitate their targeted release in the gut, thereby optimizing their effects on microbial populations and host 
metabolism. This review discusses the role of nanoparticles in enhancing the delivery of gut microbiome 
modulators, including prebiotics, probiotics, and microbial metabolites, for the management of obesity and T2D. 
Additionally, it explores the mechanisms of action, current applications, challenges, and future directions for 
nanoparticle-based gut microbiome therapies.