Abstract

 Obesity-induced insulin resistance (IR) is a major contributor to the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes (T2D) and 
is largely driven by chronic low-grade inflammation in adipose tissue. Adipose tissue inflammation not only 
impairs insulin signaling but also exacerbates metabolic disturbances by promoting systemic inflammation. 
Nanotechnology offers innovative approaches to modulate adipose tissue inflammation and improve insulin 
sensitivity. Nanoparticles (NPs), due to their small size, high surface area, and ability to carry bioactive 
molecules, can target adipose tissue and specifically reduce inflammation at the molecular level. This review 
discusses various nanoparticle-mediated strategies for modulating adipose tissue inflammation in obesity
induced insulin resistance, including the use of anti-inflammatory drugs, natural compounds, and RNA-based 
therapies. We explore the mechanisms by which nanoparticles enhance drug delivery, their impact on insulin 
sensitivity, and their potential therapeutic applications. Additionally, the challenges and future perspectives for 
the clinical translation of these nanotechnologies are highlighted.