Abstract

Obesity is strongly linked to metabolic disorders such as type 2 diabetes, dyslipidemia, cardiovascular disease, 
and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Early detection of these complications is crucial for timely intervention, 
yet current diagnostic methods often lack sensitivity, specificity, or the ability to provide real-time monitoring. 
Nanosensors, designed at the nanometer scale with unique optical, electrochemical, and mechanical properties, 
offer unprecedented opportunities for detecting biomarkers of metabolic dysfunction with high precision. These 
devices can identify glucose, lipids, inflammatory cytokines, and oxidative stress markers at very low 
concentrations, enabling early diagnosis before clinical symptoms appear. This review highlights the principles 
of nanosensor technology, recent advances in obesity-related biomarker detection, translational challenges, 
clinical applications, and future directions. The integration of nanosensors with wearable devices and digital 
health platforms promises a transformative shift toward personalized and preventive obesity care.