Abstract

Mitochondrial dysfunction is a critical feature of both obesity and type 2 diabetes (T2D), contributing to 
metabolic abnormalities such as insulin resistance, oxidative stress, and impaired energy metabolism. The 
mitochondria, being central to cellular energy production and regulation, play a key role in the development of 
insulin resistance and other complications associated with obesity. Traditional therapeutic approaches have 
failed to directly address mitochondrial dysfunction. However, nanotechnology provides a promising avenue for 
targeted delivery of therapeutics aimed at restoring mitochondrial function. This review explores the role of 
mitochondria in obesity and T2D, the potential of nanotherapeutics to modulate mitochondrial activity, and the 
challenges and prospects of these innovative treatments in clinical practice. By focusing on mitochondria
targeted therapies, we outline how nanotechnology can provide new solutions for treating obesity-induced 
insulin resistance and improving metabolic health.