Abstract

 Online radicalization is a complex, multi-stage process in which individuals adopt extremist ideologies through 
digital channels, often reinforced by social network dynamics and algorithmically curated content. Unlike offline 
radicalization, online pathways are shaped by the unique affordances of digital platforms, including rapid 
information dissemination, echo chambers, homophily, and the influence of automated agents or bots. Exposure to 
extremist content, reinforcement of grievances, and identity formation are central mechanisms driving online 
radicalization, while recommendation systems and algorithmic personalization amplify engagement with radical 
narratives. Empirical studies highlight the interplay between online and offline environments, the role of social 
networks in information diffusion, and the potential for intervention strategies at platform and community levels. 
Effective countermeasures include digital literacy programs, narrative-based interventions, platform-level design 
adjustments, and policy frameworks that balance safety, privacy, and free expression. Despite advances, gaps 
remain in understanding causal mechanisms, the interaction between online and offline networks, and comparative 
patterns across ideological groups, underscoring the need for further multidisciplinary research.