Abstract

This paper examines the dual role of social networks in shaping inequality, focusing on how interpersonal ties can 
both reproduce and reduce disadvantage across economic, educational, and health domains. Drawing on classical 
and contemporary social network theories, including the works of Granovetter and Bourdieu, the study 
conceptualizes social capital as a relational resource embedded within network structures that vary in strength, 
diversity, and multiplexity. The analysis highlights how homophilous and resource-constrained networks among 
disadvantaged groups often reinforce inequality by limiting access to high-quality information, opportunities, and 
institutional support. Conversely, bridging ties, structural diversity, and exposure to heterogeneous networks are 
shown to facilitate upward mobility by connecting individuals to new opportunities and higher-value resources. 
The paper synthesizes empirical findings across labor markets, education systems, and health outcomes to 
demonstrate that network effects are context-dependent and mediated by structural and institutional factors. It 
further explores how digital and programmatic interventions can reconfigure networks to reduce inequality, while 
noting the persistence of structural barriers. Ultimately, the study underscores that social networks are not 
inherently equalizing or stratifying but operate as dynamic mechanisms that can either entrench or mitigate 
disadvantage depending on their composition and accessibility.