Abstract

Diarrheal diseases remain a major global health concern, disproportionately affecting rural populations in low- and 
middle-income countries (LMICs). This review explores the complex relationship between livestock, agricultural 
practices, and diarrheal disease transmission in rural communities, with a focus on zoonotic and environmental 
pathways. While livestock and agriculture provide essential sources of nutrition, income, and food security, they 
also pose significant public health risks when sanitation and hygiene are inadequate. Evidence indicates that close 
human–animal interaction, poor waste management, and contaminated water sources contribute to the spread of 
enteric pathogens such as Escherichia coli, Campylobacter, and Cryptosporidium. Children under five years of age are 
particularly vulnerable due to their behavioral exposure and underdeveloped immunity. The review emphasizes the 
importance of integrating water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) interventions with improved livestock 
management and environmental health strategies. It advocates for a One Health approach that recognizes the 
interconnectedness of human, animal, and environmental systems. By promoting cross-sectoral collaboration, 
strengthening rural health infrastructure, and improving public awareness, it is possible to mitigate diarrheal disease 
risks while sustaining agricultural productivity and community well-being.