Abstract

Malaria remains a major public health challenge in rural Uganda, with significant morbidity and mortality, 
particularly among children under five and pregnant women. Insecticide-treated nets (ITNs) have been widely 
implemented as a primary intervention in malaria control strategies, contributing to reductions in malaria 
transmission, morbidity, and mortality. This review evaluates the impact of ITNs on malaria transmission in rural 
Uganda, exploring their effectiveness in reducing malaria incidence and deaths, especially in high-risk populations. 
Despite their success, ITNs face challenges including insecticide resistance, reduced durability, and inconsistent 
usage, which hinder their full potential. The review also examines the socio-economic and environmental factors 
that influence ITN usage, as well as the emerging concerns of insecticide resistance and its implications for long
term malaria control. The findings suggest that while ITNs remain a cornerstone of malaria prevention, their 
sustainability and effectiveness require ongoing efforts to address these challenges, including improved distribution, 
education, and the development of new technologies to combat resistance.