Abstract

 Pediatric cancer is a growing public health concern in Uganda, yet it remains an underreported and largely neglected 
area of healthcare. Despite its relatively low incidence compared to adult cancers, the burden of childhood cancer in 
Uganda has been increasing, particularly among children with leukemia, lymphomas, brain tumors, and solid organ 
cancers such as Wilms' tumor. Early detection and timely intervention are critical for improving survival rates, yet 
significant barriers such as delayed diagnoses, inadequate healthcare infrastructure, and financial constraints 
continue to impede effective care. This review explores the challenges and successes in addressing pediatric cancer 
in Uganda, with a focus on the healthcare system, diagnostic capacity, treatment barriers, and ongoing efforts to 
improve care. Notably, collaboration between international organizations, local healthcare providers, and advocacy 
groups has led to some progress, particularly in raising awareness, improving access to treatment, and enhancing 
early detection. However, challenges remain in ensuring sustainable resources, expanding specialized training for 
healthcare professionals, and building capacity at the regional and district levels. This study highlights key lessons 
learned from successful initiatives and outlines recommendations for enhancing pediatric cancer care in Uganda and 
other low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). With continued international support, improved healthcare 
infrastructure, and strengthened community engagement, pediatric cancer care in Uganda can be significantly 
improved, providing hope for better outcomes for children diagnosed with cancer.