Abstract

Typhoid fever, caused by Salmonella enterica serotype Typhi, remains a major public health challenge, particularly in 
low- and middle-income countries where diagnostic capabilities are often inadequate. Traditional diagnostic 
methods, including blood cultures and the Widal test, are hindered by issues of sensitivity, specificity, and 
turnaround time, leading to delays in diagnosis and treatment. As a result, the disease continues to burden healthcare 
systems, contributing to morbidity and mortality, especially in areas with poor sanitation and limited healthcare 
infrastructure. Recent advancements in diagnostic techniques, including molecular methods such as Polymerase 
Chain Reaction (PCR), Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification (LAMP), and Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS), 
offer promising alternatives that provide faster, more accurate results. Additionally, antigen detection assays and 
imaging techniques such as ultrasound have further enhanced diagnostic accuracy and enabled early detection of 
complications. However, the integration of these advanced methods into clinical practice faces challenges such as 
high costs, limited healthcare infrastructure, and the need for trained personnel. This review explores the potential 
of these innovations to improve the diagnosis of typhoid fever, reduce antimicrobial resistance, and ultimately 
enhance patient outcomes in endemic regions.