Abstract

The co-morbidity of HIV/AIDS and diabetes has become an emerging public health concern in Nigeria, as 
individuals living with HIV (PLHIV) experience increased longevity due to the widespread use of antiretroviral 
therapy (ART). While ART has significantly reduced HIV-related mortality, it has inadvertently contributed to the 
rising incidence of non-communicable diseases (NCDs), particularly diabetes mellitus. Diabetes, especially type 2, 
has emerged as one of the most prevalent comorbidities among PLHIV, posing significant challenges for clinical 
management and healthcare delivery in Nigeria. This review explores the complex relationship between HIV, ART, 
and diabetes, examining the factors contributing to the rising prevalence of diabetes among PLHIV, including 
metabolic disturbances induced by ART, chronic inflammation from HIV infection, and modifiable lifestyle risk 
factors. The clinical management of both conditions presents unique challenges, as managing the dual burden 
requires an integrated approach that accounts for ART-induced metabolic complications and tight glycemic control. 
The Nigerian healthcare system, however, faces significant barriers, including limited resources, insufficient training 
for healthcare workers, and fragmented care. The review highlights the need for integrated care models, enhanced 
healthcare infrastructure, and public health interventions to address the growing burden of HIV and diabetes co
morbidity. Effective management strategies and policy reforms are essential to improve health outcomes for PLHIV 
and mitigate the rising prevalence of diabetes in this population.