Abstract

Diarrheal diseases remain a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in Africa, particularly among children under 
five years of age. Urban slums, characterized by overcrowding, inadequate sanitation, limited access to clean water, 
and weak healthcare infrastructure, serve as epicenters for these preventable illnesses. This review examines the 
high burden of diarrheal diseases in African slums, highlighting epidemiological trends, environmental and 
socioeconomic risk factors, health impacts, and the effectiveness of existing intervention strategies. It also explores 
policy, governance, and research gaps, emphasizing the need for integrated, multisectoral approaches. Key 
interventions, including water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) programs, vaccination initiatives, urban planning, 
and innovative technologies, are discussed as critical for reducing disease prevalence. The review underscores the 
importance of community engagement, context-specific research, and resilient public health systems to improve 
health outcomes. By addressing the structural determinants of disease and prioritizing vulnerable populations, 
targeted strategies can reduce morbidity and mortality, enhance child survival, and contribute to socioeconomic 
development, aligning with global goals of equitable health outcomes and sustainable urbanization.