Abstract

Malaria remained a major global health challenge, particularly in endemic regions, and continues to contribute 
significantly to morbidity and mortality. The circumsporozoite protein (CSP) was a key biomarker in malaria, 
playing a critical role in both immune responses and parasite transmission. It emerged as a prominent target in the 
development of malaria vaccines. This article aimed to provide a comprehensive review of CSP as a biomarker for 
malaria vaccine development, focusing on its role in vaccine-induced immunity and its potential for transmission 
reduction in endemic areas. A thorough review of current literature, vaccine trials, and studies related to CSP, 
vaccine efficacy, and transmission blocking strategies in endemic regions was conducted. CSP-targeted vaccines, 
especially the RTS,S/AS01 vaccine, have shown promise in inducing protective immunity and reducing 
transmission. However, challenges such as limited efficacy in high-transmission areas and the need for improved 
durability of protection remained. CSP-based vaccines were a promising tool in malaria control, but further research 
is necessary to address current limitations. Future vaccine development should focus on improving vaccine efficacy, 
particularly in high-transmission areas, and enhancing accessibility and sustainability in endemic regions.